Sunday, November 13, 2011

Analog TV Digital Transmission

!: Analog TV Digital Transmission

Remember the old days of analog TV, radio, etc. Most of us do unless you're really young. And still today there are plenty of analog systems in use. Normal radio still uses analog transmission. But the digital age has begun and more and more we will use digital systems rather than analog systems.

Digital transmission systems have many advantages over analog transmission systems, like higher quality of audio and video. How come digital systems can transmit higher quality signals than analog systems? The truth is that they don't. They just use some tricks to eliminate noise.

Analog Transmission Systems

When something like video and audio, is recorded by an analog system, the recording has a certain quality. This recording (when done professionally) has a very high quality. When the recording is transmitted it is modulated directly to a carrier wave, which is then transmitted through the air, cable, via satellite, etc. During this transmission, the carrier and the modulated signal will loose amplitude (power) and due to interference noise is introduced to the carrier and its modulated signal. The result will always be a received signal that has a lower quality than the transmitted signal. Hence, the modulated signal, the recording, will also be of lower quality than the original.

Analog transmission systems are unable to maintain the quality the original has.

Digital Transmission Systems

In the digital world the recording can be transmitted to another place without loosing any quality. An exact copy of the original recording is transmitted. So how come that digital transmission systems don't loose quality when transmitting a signal?

Well..... Actually they do lose quality just like the analog transmission system does.

Surprised? No Problem. Most people don't know that digital signals still need to be transmitted by analog transmission systems. The trick is that a digital system doesn't record analog signals, but encodes analog signals into bits (zeros and ones). A sample is taken many times per second and the size of each sample is written down in bits. For instance a sample with the value of 9 would be 1001 and 11 would be 1011.

The digital transmission system needs to transmit those zeros and ones, and it does this by modulating the carrier wave. Low power for a 0 and high power for a 1 (This is the most simple way of modulating. There are much more sophisticated forms of modulation, but it would take a whole book to describe them all.)

So on the receiving end, it doesn't matter anymore what the quality of the signal is, as long as it still is possible to identify the zeros and ones. Noise in the received signal is no problem. A "1" with noise is still a "1" and a "0" with noise is still a "0". Of course the noise can not be too high, otherwise mistakes would be made and a zero would be received as one or a one would be received as a zero.

So Digital Transmission Systems are better because they eliminate the effect of noise completely. You don't look and listen to a received signal from an original recording, but you look and listen to a reproduced signal of the recording. The reproduction comes from an exact copy of the original recording.

The quality of what you see and hear now depends on your TV and Sound System. A high quality TV and Sounds System will give you high quality Video and Audio. The negative effects of the (still analog) transmission have been eliminated from the process.

Satellite TV makes use of Digital Transmission Systems. What you see at home will always be of Digital no (much less) noise Quality.


Analog TV Digital Transmission

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Thursday, November 10, 2011

Transmission of HPV Through Child Birth

!: Transmission of HPV Through Child Birth

Most do not think of sexually transmitted diseases when they consider children. Unhappily, our kids do experience harmful effects from adults who catch sexually transmitted diseases. For example, a child, through accidental contact with diseased tissue, could be exposed to the HPV, as in childbirth.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a cause of cancer of the cervix; it needs to be taken seriously by both those who are active sexually, and those who at risk for sexually transmitted diseases and are pregnant or may become pregnant.

Another rare disease caused by HPV infection Laryngeal papillomatosis. The 2 types of virus that are linked with this disease are HPV 6 and HPV 11. With this disease, growths or warts grow quickly and are varied in size; they can grow in number and size until affectively blocking the air passageway. It may become hard for a child to breathe when sleeping and difficulty in swallowing may also be experienced.

HPV is exceptionally contagious via skin-to-skin contact in addition to sexual contact. The one noticeable sign of infection is the appearance of genital warts, not all of which can be seen, especially in infected women. Warts will emerge within 3 months of HPV infection.

In pregnancy, the immune system is lowered, causing a pregnant woman to be more susceptible to viral infections such as HPV. This in turn causes genital warts during pregnancy to grow even quicker and larger.

If your baby should become infected with HPV during the passage through the vagina during delivery, there may appear genital warts or there may be warts on the throat which is known as laryngeal papillomatosis.

Laryngeal papillomatosis is a rare disease that is caused by HPV infection. The two types of virus that are associated with this disease are: HPV 6 and HPV 11. The growths or warts from this disease grow rapidly and vary in size. When they grow in number and size they may effectively block the air passageway. This makes it difficult for your child to breathe when sleeping and they can also experience difficulty in swallowing.

Two tests are available to establish whether your child is suffering from this disease or not. The first is called Indirect Laryngoscopy. This is an in-office procedure conducted by a speech pathologist or a family doctor. A small mirror is placed in the back of the throat to examine the larynx area.

The other test is Direct Laryngoscopy; this is performed in an operating room under general anesthesia. This lets the doctor view directly the vocal cord folds and supplementary parts of the larynx under high magnification. Tissue biopsy may also be taken during the procedure to identify the existence of HPV.

All of this can be avoided with the proper precautions, the most effective of which is inoculation with the HPV vaccine.


Transmission of HPV Through Child Birth

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Thursday, November 3, 2011

How to Extend the Life of Your Vehicle's Transmission

!: How to Extend the Life of Your Vehicle's Transmission

Your car's transmission is comprised of hundreds of individual parts. Each has a specific job to perform and they work in unison to support the tranny's operation. Any assembly with that many parts working together is bound to eventually develop problems. When they occur, it is important to have a mechanic resolve them quickly. Otherwise, they will evolve and worsen, becoming far more expensive with time.

Given that a complete overhaul costs thousands of dollars, investing time to prolong your transmission's life can save a significant amount of money. In this article, I'll provide a quick checklist of preventative maintenance steps you can take to extend the life of your car's tranny as long as possible.

Maintain The Fluid Level

Your transmission needs fluid in order to operate efficiently. Under normal conditions, the level of fluid should rarely decline. However, if the assembly develops leaks, they can cause a severe lack of fluid that will lead to costly damage down the road.

Get into the habit of checking the transmission fluid at the same time you check your oil level. You'll find the two dipsticks are located near each other. Keep in mind that you need to let the engine idle for a minute before checking the tranny fluid.

Also, when checking the level, examine the fluid's color. It should have a reddish hue. If it looks brown or dirty, you need to have it changed. Refer to your owner's manual for the recommended service schedule.

Stay Vigilant About Leaks

Leaks are problematic because they always worsen, causing expensive damage to your transmission. The first sign of leaking will be a few drops on the pavement directly under the assembly. Assuming the leak is not coming from your power steering system, you should have a mechanic fix it as soon as possible. If you only see a few drops on the ground, you can get away with replenishing the fluid level. However, keep in mind that leaks do not go away. They must be fixed.

Have Minor Problems Repaired Immediately

If your transmission is experiencing problems, you will notice them. For example, you might hear a high-pitched whine under the floorboard, or feel "jerky" shifting during acceleration. Like leaks, these problems will not disappear on their own. They suggest that something is wrong and needs to be repaired or replaced.

There is one rule of thumb you can count on when it comes to your vehicle's tranny: the cost of repairs will rise in proportion to the number of miles you drive after hearing the first signs of trouble. Many problems, if they are identified early enough, can be repaired relatively inexpensively. For example, a worn or leaking gasket can often be replaced without needing to lift the assembly out of your vehicle.

Given that a complete overhaul can translate into a ,000 repair bill, it pays to extend the life of your transmission. The more you can do upfront to avoid problems, or prevent minor issues from growing worse, the longer you'll be able to drive without needing major repairs.


How to Extend the Life of Your Vehicle's Transmission

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Thursday, October 27, 2011

Aberration-corrected Imaging in Transmission Electron Microscopy: An Introduction

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This book provides a concise introduction to practical aspects of atomic-resolution imaging in aberration-corrected electron microscopy. As such, it addresses recent advances in electron optical instrumentation used for ultra-high resolution imaging in materials and nano-science. It covers two of the most popular atomic resolution imaging techniques' namely high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The book bridges the gap between application-oriented textbooks in conventional electron microscopy and books in physics covering dedicated topics in charged-particle optics and aberration correction.

The book is structured in three parts which can be read separately. While in the first part the fundamentals of the imaging techniques and their limits in conventional electron microscopes are explained, the second part provides readers with the basic principles of electron optics and the characteristics of electron lenses. The third part, focusing on aberrations, describes the functionality of aberration correctors and provides readers with practical guidelines for the daily work with aberration-corrected electron microscopes. The book represents a detailed and easy readable guide to aberration-corrected electron microscopy.

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Sunday, October 23, 2011

Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (4 Vol set)

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This profusely illustrated text on Transmission Electron Microscopy provides the necessary instructions for successful hands-on application of this versatile materials characterization technique. The new edition also includes an extensive collection of questions for the student, providing approximately 800 self-assessment questions and over 400 questions suitable for homework assignment.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (4 Vol set)

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